Laser beam welding

Laser beam welding Introduction: Laser Beam Welding â€Å"LBW† is a contemporary welding process that is a high energy beam that continues to expand into new industries and new applications because of its advantages like deep welding and reduced heat inputs. Profound Manufacturers sought to automate the welding process caused the expansion of the laser beam welding process to include computers and more sophisticated technology to increase the product quality and more accurate control of the welding process. From More than 20 years ago, when laser welding was in its early life was used primarily for bizarre applications where no other welding process would be suitable. Nowadays, laser welding is an imperative part of the metal toil industry. How It Works: The Focal point is aimed on the work piece surface that will be welded. At the surface the large concentration of light energy is converted into thermal energy. The surface of the work piece starts melting and steps forward through it by surface conductance. For welding process, the beam energy is maintained below the vaporization temperature of the material. In Fig. 1 the laser beam is directed on the work piece. â€Å"To the point that the laser beam contacts the work piece, all the components that direct it are transparent, refractive or reflective, absorbing only small amounts of energy from the ultraviolet light.† The laser power supply is capable of delivering a pulse of light that has accurate and repeatable energy and duration. When the pulse of laser energy is focused into a small spot at the surface of the work piece, the energy density becomes enormous. The light is engrossed by the work piece, causing a keyhole effect as the focused beam drills into, vaporizes and melts some of the metal. As described in fig. 2. As the pulse ends, the liquefied metal around the keyhole flows back in, solidifying and creating a small spot weld, moving the work piece or the laser emitter along the surface of the work piece creates a series or spot weld that is called a â€Å"seam†. Similarities And Differences To Other Welding Processes When compared to other welding processes, laser welding has some similar as well as some unique characteristics Like GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), laser welding is a fusion process performed under inert cover gas, where filler material is most times not added. Like electron beam welding, Laser welding is a high energy density beam process, where energy is targeted directly on the workpiece. Laser differs from both GTAW and EB (electron beam) welding in that it does not require that the workpiece complete an electrical circuit. And since electron beam welding must be performed inside a vacuum chamber, laser welding can almost always offer a cost advantage over EB in both tooling and production pricing. Advantages Of Laser Welding One of the largest advantages that pulsed laser welding offers is the minimal amount of heat that is added during processing. The repeated pulsing of the beam allows for cooling between each spot weld, resulting in a very small heat affected zone. This makes laser welding ideal for thin sections or products that require welding near electronics or glass-to-metal seals. Low heat input, combined with an optical (not electrical) process, also means greater flexibility in tooling design and materials. Industries Served: 1- Aerospace. 2- Defense/military. 3- Electronics. 4- Research development. 5- Medical. 6- Sensors instrumentation. 7- Petrochemical refining. 8- Communications energy. Laser Safety â€Å"Lasers emit a very concentrated beam that can be visible or invisible. In general, most lasers used for welding are invisible. This beam of infrared light could focus onto the skin or eye unless safety precautions are observed. Industrial laser systems are fully interlocked to prevent any danger to operators. Most are equipped with National Center for Devices and Radiological Health covers that contain the actual laser operation, permitting people working nearby to perform normally.† With proper design and careful precautions, laser systems are no more dangerous than other welding systems or similar machine tools.

After School Programs Essay -- Elementary Education Student Activities

After School Programs Many parents today are faced with the issue of after school programs. But are these programs what we really think of them? Are they helping or hurting our children? A lot of parents want their child to be involved in school and/or extra-curricular activities, but don’t want them to be overwhelmed; whereas other parents don’t seem bothered by the effects. This paper included information about after school activities and the effects they play in today’s modern society with children. So, what do these activities do for the children? Do after school activities for children help to enrich their social and physical skills for their life long interests? A school program is defined as â€Å"community driven, expanded learning opportunities that support developmentally appropriate cognitive, social, physical, and emotional outcomes. In addition, these programs will offer a balanced program of academic support, arts and cultural enrichment, recreation and nutrition† (Coltin). These programs can run either directly after school, during evenings, weekends, summer vacations, and holidays. They are run by schools, community based organizations in the school, and community based organizations from a church or synagogue, or a private leader. Since the community and government is so willing to get the students active in these after school programs, there is such a wide variety of different ones. With such a huge selection, it is merely impossible for someone not to find a program that would be right for their children. The activit6ies vary from religious clubs, to sports, as well as language based clubs, Sports offer a huge variety for students to get involved in. There are all boy and all girl sports, as well as co-e... ... After School Program?† www.thirteen,org/edonline/concepts2class/month11/index sub1.html Kirkman, Susannah. (2000 March). ‘Bums on Seats’ Is not the Answer. The Times Educational Supplement. 24 Lamb, Sandra E. (1999, October). After-School Activities Parents Magazine. Lee, Shumow. (2001). Academic Effects on After-School Programs. Champaign, IL: Eric Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Educat5ion- Children’s Research Center. Roemer, Joseph. (1935). Basic Student Activities. New York: Silver, Burdett, and Company. Schneider, Jonathon. (2000, August). Benefits of Activities Kids Health for Parents: 2-3. Schwartz, Wendy. (1996, October). After School Programs for Urban Youth. New York, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education. Thompson, Nellie Zetta. (1953). Your School Clubs. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.

How Emotions Affect Our Communication Skills Essay

Emotions are a funny thing. Whether or not you’re an ardent believer of emotions make or break a man, I think that lines stands true. Emotions can make us sail in the colors of being so pleasant at one time while another sort of emotion can wreck a man’s image as being barbaric. Just to figure this concept out, I undertook the assignment to see how emotions affect me on a personal communication level. To keep a close watch on my emotions for a few days was a task I was rather excited about! The first ‘official’ emotion I felt according to my journal was of happiness. I had woken up the first day or my college and felt an unbelievable excitement about what the day was going to entail. I got dressed humming my favorite song and off to college I was. Just by feeling a very happy person I knew the day was going to be an amazing one. Obviously, when you’re beaming with the joy, nothing can possibly bring you down. I was shocked at confidence I felt when I was content in my own skin. I greeted new people, in the new atmosphere and basically made quite a few friends. The whole day I felt like I was an energy ball and I was willing to sit in the front row of class, not afraid to listen and question the teacher. I actually thought that my positive energy sent out great vibes to the others also as they were not hesitant in carrying the conversation along with me. And the teachers were more than eager to answer my inquisitiveness. That only made me happier. I took part in a debate the next day. Not an official one but a sort of an unofficial debate with some college students at the local cafeteria. The debate was about ‘Terrorism can’t be uprooted at the expense of Civilian lives†. The talk was about a controversial topic and I was one of the few people who were agreeing with the topic. I soon realized that the people on the opposite team were talking purely without any reasoning. That registered another feeling in me†¦the bad feeling†¦of anger. I saw my enthusiasm evaporating and being replaced by mild irritation. In my mind I kept wondering how people could think so wrong. Before I had a chance to speak out, some of the debaters concluded the debate and childishly dances around thinking they had won. I was furious. That is the exact emotion I had put down in my journal. But that is when somebody out of the â€Å"against the topic† crowd came up to me and acknowledged my views on the subject. She seemed like someone I could talk to because she sort of â€Å"had my back† per say. She was willing to sit there and listen to me view. She nodded as I spoke and later on told me how I had managed to erase the wrong views from her mind. I was overwhelmed. Someone’s sincerity had cleared up my earlier anger. I felt like I could trust that girl. She became my good friend instantly because when the trust factor plays its positive role, the communication takes another height. I talked to her freely throughout the day and I was amazed to find out we just connected on a very high level. I had found somebody I could trust(Meyer, 2002). I wasn’t sure what the next big emotion I would feel until I got a call from my uncle in telling me he wasn’t coming to visit me and my family due some issues with his business. He had been planning his visit from South Africa since the last 2 years. His whole family was supposed to come and stay with us for a month. I felt dejected. After he had told me the news, I phoned my parents to talk to them about the sadness but understood his reasoning. They were as disappointed as I was so we talked about how much we miss him. I communicated freely with my mother who explained to me that perhaps we could go and visit him. It made feel lighter if not better. That day when I came into contact with my college fellows, I wasn’t the usual cheery girl as I always had been. The communication skills that day were strained, I realized. I didn’t really talk to anyone more than the usual greetings. As soon as my friend from the debating group came to me, I knew she could transgress the limits I had set around myself that day. And so she did. Just because with her I felt a bond of trust, I confessed everything to her when she probed why I looked so down. I leaned on her and she stood by me trying to be a good friend. By analyzing my emotions led communication skills, I can conclude that they have a major part in our everyday lives. Knowing how to control emotions is a bigger task though because emotions don’t always allow us to think clearly. Whatever we feel, we ought to keep it in tight check and be realistic about it. References: Aliki. (1986). Feelings (Reading Rainbow book). HarperCollins Cain, J. (2000). The Way I Feel. Parenting Press Meyer, J. (2002). Managing Your Emotions: Instead of Your Emotions Managing You. FaithWords

Mla Format - Abortion - 821 Words

Jean Lin Ms. Kasababian Language Arts Honors 30 November 2012 Abortion In 2008, twelve women taking resident in the U.S. died due to legal abortions performed during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Abortion should be available to all females living in the United States, but must be a legal citizen to have late abortions, which are during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Abortion is a right that women have, and the Fourth Amendment â€Å"Search and Seizure† supports it. Fewer women will exercise abortion if it is kept legal in the U.S. Late abortions are dangerous, so only legal citizens of the U.S. may have second or third trimester abortions. In the 1820’s, various ideas against abortions began†¦show more content†¦Many CPCs (Crisis Pregnancy Centers) mislead women into thinking that abortions cause breast cancer, that birth-control pills cause abortions, and that abortion can lead to sterility. CPCs do anything to talk a woman out of having a legal abortion. Late abortions are performed during the s econd or third trimesters. A method of late abortion is a saline injection. This is when a needle is inserted into the uterus through theShow MoreRelatedEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesan argument essay, compare and contrast essay, and a research essay. The argument essay is when you gather evidence and present a well-reasoned argument on a debatable issue. On this essay I chose to do an argumentative paper on abortion. I listed the issues with abortion and then stated my opinion. The main goal of an argument essay is setting out to persuade the reader to agree with your position on a topic. The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to analyze Hill 2 the differences and theRead MoreFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhenever, they use a reference, they properly quote it by keeping appropriate footnotes, endnotes and in-text citation. Moreover, the referenced material is explained fully by keeping in view the international academic format that is assigned to them such as APA writing style, MLA writing style, Turabian writing style, Chicago writing style, Harvard writing style, Oxford writing style and many others that are required in order to custom-write 100% plagiarism free research papers, plagiarism freeRead MoreFree Papers992 Words   |  4 PagesWhenever, they use a reference, they properly quote it by keeping appropriate footnotes, endnotes and in-text citation. Moreover, the referenced material is explained fully by keeping in view the international academic format that is assigned to them such as APA writing style, MLA writing style, Turabian writing style, Chicago writing style, Harvard writing style, Oxford writing style and many others that are required in order to custom-write 100% plagiarism free research papers, plagiarism freeRead MoreThe Requirements Of English 111 Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pageslearning a variety of writing strategies, students benefitted the most during the final unit of research and inquiry. Objectives of the research and inquiry unit were to develop the skills to recognize quality sources, cite them correctly using the MLA format, and for students to develop the act of presenting found information. English 111 is a valuable class for students since it is highly filled with pertinent information. Narrative A narrative essay â€Å"describes events that people want to share withRead MoreConstitutional Law Research1028 Words   |  5 Pagesare convicted in a court of law should be executed. Or†¦ The death penalty should finally be put to death by the Supreme Court. * Though I’m patriotic and love the pledge, it’s simply unconstitutional and needs to be removed from schools. * Abortion is wrong; it shouldn’t be legal. Or†¦ The right of a woman to control her own body is a private matter. * Too many guns out there†¦ we have to start doing something about it! Or†¦The 2nd Amendment is pretty darn clear†¦ * The government needsRead MoreUnit 8 Writing Assignment6944 Words   |  28 Pagesexperiences than topics thrown together hastily. Try to anticipate how students will handle a topic: they may respond in ways you hadn’t counted on. Be specific about requirements. Always hand out your assignments in written form; specify due dates, length, format, background readings, grading criteria, and the purpose of the assignment. Integrate your assignments. Make sure there is a relationship between in-class work and outof-class work; encourage your students to talk about (and write about) their assignments